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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La cataracte congénitale est une cause majeure de cécité infantile évitable. Son pronostic dépend d’un diagnostic et d’une intervention précoces, souvent compromis en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette étude visait à décrire les caractéristiques et la prise en charge des patients à l’Hôpital Gynéco-Obstétrique et Pédiatrique de Yaoundé (HGOPY). Méthodologie. Une étude rétrospective descriptive a été menée sur une période de 7 ans (2016-2022) au service d’ophtalmologie de l’HGOPY. Tous les dossiers complets de patients présentant une cataracte congénitale au moment du diagnostic ont été inclus. Les données sociodémographiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques ont été analysées. Résultats. Parmi 2343 dossiers de cataracte, 43 cas de cataracte congénitale ont été identifiés, représentant une fréquence hospitalière de 1,8%. L'analyse détaillée de 24 dossiers complets (41 yeux) a révélé un âge médian au diagnostic de 5 ans (extrêmes : 1 mois - 31 ans), avec une prédominance masculine (62,5%, sex-ratio 1,6). La présentation était bilatérale dans 82,9% des cas. Les motifs de consultation principaux étaient la leucocorie (75%) et le strabisme (37,5%). À la présentation, l'acuité visuelle était sévèrement affectée : 46,4% des yeux n'avaient aucune poursuite oculaire et 17,1% étaient aveugles. Le fond d'œil n'était pas visualisable dans 80,5% des cas. La majorité des yeux (97,6%) ont été opérés par phacoaspiration, et tous les opérés ont reçu une correction optique. Conclusion. Cette étude révèle un retard diagnostique considérable (âge médian de 5 ans), conduisant à un pronostic visuel initial sévèrement compromis. Ces résultats plaident pour le renforcement des programmes de dépistage néonatal et de sensibilisation pour améliorer l’accès à des soins précoces.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Congenital cataract is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, whose visual prognosis is highly dependent on early diagnosis and surgical intervention. In low-resource settings like sub-Saharan Africa, barriers to care often lead to detrimental delays. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as the management of patients with congenital cataract at the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (HGOPY) to identify gaps in their care pathway. Methodology. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted over a 7-year period (2016-2022) in the ophthalmology unit of HGOPY. All complete medical records of patients diagnosed with congenital cataract were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, and therapeutic data were analyzed. Results. Among 2343 cataract records, 43 cases of congenital cataract were identified, representing a hospital frequency of 1.8%. Detailed analysis of 24 complete records (41 eyes) revealed a median age at diagnosis of 5 years (range: 1 month - 31 years), with a male predominance (62.5%, sex ratio 1.6). The presentation was bilateral in 82.9% of cases. The main reasons for consultation were leukocoria (75%) and strabismus (37.5%). At presentation, visual acuity was severely affected: 46.4% of eyes had no ocular pursuit and 17.1% were blind. The fundus was not visualizable in 80.5% of cases. The majority of eyes (97.6%) underwent surgery via phacoaspiration, and all operated eyes received optical correction. Conclusion. This study reveals a considerable diagnostic delay in the management of congenital cataract in Cameroon, as evidenced by the median age at diagnosis of 5 years. This delay translates into a severely compromised initial visual prognosis for the majority of children. These findings argue for the strengthening of systematic neonatal screening programs and awareness campaigns for parents and primary health care professionals to improve access to early pediatric ophthalmological care.
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References
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- [21] Tomairek RH, Amin MM, Raafat K, Abdel Hady S, Elkotoury A. Prevalence of Congenital Ocular Anomalies among Children with Genetic Disorders: An Egyptian Study. Seminars in Ophthalmology 2018;33:613–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2017.1375124.
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- [24] Prado RBD, Silva VF, Schellini SA, Rodrigues ACL. Catarata congênita e do desenvolvimento: estudo do comprimento axial e da ceratometria em crianças brasileiras. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2016;79. https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20160007.
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References
[1] I. Zone Abid; Y.Ben Moallem; M. Sehli Et A. Trigui. les cataractes congenitales. J.I. M. Sfax 24, 48 :1 – 7 n.d.
[2] Gilbert C, Foster A. Childhood blindness in the context of VISION 2020-the right to sight. Bull World Health Organ. 2001 ;79(3):227-232. n.d.
[3] 1. C. Speeg-Schatz, D. Thouvenin. Cataractes de l’enfant – épidémiologie et analyse clinique. In Ophtalmologie pédiatrique in rapport de la Société Francaise d’Ophtalmologie 2017, Elsevier Masson SAS, :317-336, n.d.
[4] Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth MP Epidemiology of congenital eye malformations in 131,760 consecutive births Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1992 ; 13 : 179-186 n.d.
[5] Yakoura AKH, Mariama B, Nouhou AD, Roufaye L, Amza A. Épidémiologie et Aspects Cliniques de la Cataracte Congénitale au Niger: Une Étude sur 8 Ans. Health Sci Dis.2021;22(7). 28-51 n.d.
[6] Sami F.Z.,Moutaouakil A.,Baha Q.T. Les cataractes congénitales : profil épidémiologique, clinique et thérapeutique. Thése Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie-Marrakech 2014; pp1-4. n.d.
[7] Omgbwa EA, Bella AL, Owono D, Mbome S, Ebana MC. La pathologie oculaire de l’enfant âgé de six à 15 ans: Étude hospitalière à Yaoundé. Cah Sante. 2009;19:61‑6. n.d.
[8] Eballe AO, Epée E, Koki G, Bella L, Mvogo CE. Unilateral childhood blindness: a hospital-based study in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ. 2009;3:461‑4. n.d.
[9] Domngang C, Chofor TH, Matip E, Epee E, Kagmeni G, Bella A. Profil étiologique et morphologique des cataractes congénitales en milieu hospitalier à Mbalmayo, Cameroun. Revue de Médecine et de pharmacie 2020;10(1):1072‑80 n.d.
[10] Febbraro JL, Brémond-Gignac D, Aron JJ. Diagnostic et bilan d’une cataracte congénitale. Journal de Pédiatrie et de Puériculture 1998;11:477–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0987-7983(99)80004-8.
[11] PhD Student, Department of Ophthalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Tătaru C-I, Tătaru C-P, Department of Ophthalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, Costache A, Department of Pathology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, et al. Congenital cataract – clinical and morphological aspects. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2020;61:105–12. https://doi.org/10.47162/RJME.61.1.11.
[12] Francis PJ. The genetics of childhood cataract. Journal of Medical Genetics 2000;37:481–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.37.7.481.
[13] Viola Andin Dohvoma1,2*, Stève Robert Ebana Mvogo1, Caroline Tsimi Mvilongo2, Marie Blanche Nguena1, Hassan, Aboubakar3. Epidemiological And Clinical Profiles Of Childhood Cataract Seen At The Yaounde Central Hospital. OCR 2020;7:1–5. https://doi.org/10.24966/OCR-8887/100066.
[14] Yakoura AKH, Mariama B, Nouhou AD, Roufaye L, Amza A. Épidémiologie et Aspects Cliniques de la Cataracte Congénitale au Niger: Une Étude sur 8 Ans. Health Sci Dis.2021;22(7). 28-51 n.d.
[15] Nagamoto T, Oshika T, Fujikado T, Ishibashi T, Sato M, Kondo M, et al. Clinical characteristics of congenital and developmental cataract undergoing surgical treatment. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2015;59:148–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-015-0370-8.
[16] Katre D, Selukar K. The Prevalence of Cataract in Children. Cureus 2022. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30135.
[17] Bell SJ, Oluonye N, Harding P, Moosajee M. Congenital cataract: a guide to genetic and clinical management. Ther Adv Rare Dis. 2020 Jul 22;1:2633004020938061. doi: 10.1177/2633004020938061 n.d.
[18] Malek I, Sayadi J, Sammouda T, Choura R, Mekni M, Zghal I, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Congenital Cataract Surgery with Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation in a Tunisian Cohort. Journal of Current Ophthalmology 2022;34:187–93. https://doi.org/10.4103/joco.joco_273_21.
[19] Wu X, Long E, Lin H, Liu Y. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of congenital cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:28564. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28564.
[20] Tariq MA, Uddin QS, Ahmed B, Sheikh S, Ali U, Mohiuddin A. Prevalence of Pediatric Cataract in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Current Ophthalmology 2022;34:148–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/joco.joco_339_21.
[21] Tomairek RH, Amin MM, Raafat K, Abdel Hady S, Elkotoury A. Prevalence of Congenital Ocular Anomalies among Children with Genetic Disorders: An Egyptian Study. Seminars in Ophthalmology 2018;33:613–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2017.1375124.
[22] Takou Tsapmene V, Nanfack Ngoune C, Abdouramani O, Omgbwa Eballe A, Bella Assumpta L. Cataracte de l’enfant : aspects épidémiologiques, étiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques à l’hôpital gynéco-obstétrique et pédiatrique de Yaoundé. Journal Français d’Ophtalmologie 2021;44:1589–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2021.08.001.
[23] Singh VM, Badakere A, Patil-Chhablani P, Kekunnaya R. Profile of congenital cataract in the first year of life from a tertiary care center in South India – A modern series. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2021;69:932–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1558_20.
[24] Prado RBD, Silva VF, Schellini SA, Rodrigues ACL. Catarata congênita e do desenvolvimento: estudo do comprimento axial e da ceratometria em crianças brasileiras. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2016;79. https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20160007.
[25] Bixler D, Higgins M, Hartsfield J. The Nance‐Horan syndrome: a rare X‐linked ocular‐dental trait with expression in heterozygous females. Clinical Genetics 1984;26:30–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb00783.x.
