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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Les amétropies, causes majeures de déficience visuelle évitable, représentent un enjeu de santé publique chez les jeunes adultes, particulièrement chez les étudiants dont les études exigent une charge visuelle importante. Leur impact sur l’apprentissage des étudiants en médecine, pourtant essentiels au système de santé, reste mal documenté en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette étude visait à déterminer la prévalence et les caractéristiques des troubles réfractifs chez les étudiants en première année de médecine de l’Université de Yaoundé 1. Méthodologie. Une étude transversale prospective a été menée du 1er avril au 30 juin 2022 auprès des étudiants de première année de la Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Biomédicales (FMSB-UY1). Un examen ophtalmologique complet sous cycloplégie (cyclopentolate 0,5% et tropicamide) a été réalisé pour chaque participant consentant. Résultats. Sur 240 étudiants éligibles, 131 ont été inclus (taux de participation de 54,6%). L’âge moyen était de 19,3 ans (±1,8) et 59,5% des participants étaient des femmes. Les symptômes visuels les plus fréquents étaient la fatigue oculaire (67,9%), les céphalées (54,1%) et la vision floue de loin (49,6%). La prévalence globale des amétropies était très élevée, atteignant 90,8%. L'astigmatisme était le trouble prédominant (74,8% des amétropies), devant la myopie (16,0%) et l’hypermétropie (9,2%). Fait marquant, 84,0% de ces amétropies n’étaient pas corrigées par une lunette ou une lentille adaptée. Conclusion. Cette étude révèle une prévalence extrêmement élevée et une sous-correction massive des amétropies chez les futurs médecins camerounais, constituant un frein probable à leur apprentissage et un enjeu de santé au travail. Ces résultats plaident pour l’implémentation urgente d’un programme systématique de dépistage et d’accès facilité à une correction optique au sein de cette population.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Refractive errors, a major cause of preventable visual impairment, are a public health concern among young adults, particularly for students whose studies demand intense visual workload. Their impact on the learning of medical students, who are crucial to the healthcare system, remains poorly documented in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of refractive errors among first-year medical students at the University of Yaoundé 1. Methodology. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to June 30, 2022, among first-year students of the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMSB-UY1). A comprehensive ophthalmological examination under cycloplegia (cyclopentolate 0.5% and tropicamide) was performed for each consenting participant. Results. Out of 240 eligible students, 131 were included (participation rate 54.6%). The mean age was 19.3 years (±1.8) and 59.5% of participants were female. The most frequent visual symptoms were asthenopia (67.9%), headaches (54.1%), and blurred distance vision (49.6%). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was very high, reaching 90.8%. Astigmatism was the predominant disorder (74.8% of ametropia), followed by myopia (16.0%) and hyperopia (9.2%). Notably, 84.0% of these refractive errors were uncorrected by appropriate glasses or contact lenses. Conclusion. This study reveals an extremely high prevalence and a massive under-correction of refractive errors among future Cameroonian doctors, representing a probable barrier to their learning and an occupational health issue. These findings argue for the urgent implementation of a systematic screening program and facilitated access to optical correction within this population.
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References
- 1. Bourillon 1. Shi X-Y, Ke Y-F, Jin N, Zhang H-M, Wei R-H, Li X-R. The prevalence of vision impairment and refractive error in 3654 first year students at Tianjin Medical University. Int J Ophthalmol 2018 ;11(10):1698‑703.
- 2. Alruwaili WS, Alruwaili MS, Alkuwaykibi MK, Zaky KA. Prevalence and Awareness of Refractive Errors among Aljouf University Medical Students. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018 ;70(1):29‑32.
- 3. Megbelayin EO, Asana UE, Nkanga DG, Duke RE, Ibanga AA, Etim BA, et al. Refractive errors and spectacle use behavior among medical students in a Nigerian medical school. Br J Med Med Res. 2014;4(13):2581.
- 4. Liang Xu , Ya Xing Wang, Jost B Jonas. Level of education associated with ophthalmic diseases. The Beijing Eye Study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010 Janv ;248(1) :49-57.
- 5. Midelfart A, Aamo B, Sjohaug KA, Dysthe BE (1992) : Myopia among medical students in Norway. Acta Ophthalmol., 70:317–22.
- 6. Fledelius H. Myopia profile in Copenhagen medical students 1996-98. Refractive stability over a century is suggested. Acta Ophthalmol Scand.,78 :501–510.
- 7. Mvogo CE, Bella-Hiag AL, Ellong A, Mbarga BM, Litumbe NC. Les amétropies statiques du noir camerounais. Ophthalmologica. 2001;215(3):212–216.
- 8. Hassan Hashemi, Mohammad Saatchi, Abbasali Yekta, Babak Ali, Hadi Ostadimoghaddam, Payam Nabovati, Mohamadreza Aghamirsalim, and Mehdi Khabazkhoob. High Prevalence of Asthenopia among a Population of University Students. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019; 14(4): 474–482.
- 9. Manjula Bussa , Babu G Ravi, P Nehakamalini. Study on Incidence and Progression of Refractive Errors in Medical Students. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2019 ;11(22) :167-171.
- 10. Ebana Mvogo SR, Dohvoma Viola A, Omgbwa Eballe A, Ellong A, Belinga Kye O, Ebana Mvogo C. Profil des amétropies statiques chez les sujets atteints d’un strabisme concomitant a l’hopital général de Douala. Revue SOAO N° 01- 2016, pp. 13-19
- 11. Eballe AO, Bella LA, Owono D, Mbome S, Mvogo CE. Eye disease in children aged 6 to 15 years: a hospital-based study in Yaounde. Sante 2009 ;19(2) :61-6.
- 12. 16. Ebeigbe J A, Kio F, Okafor L I. Attitude and Beliefs of Nigerian Undergraduates to Spectacle Wear. Ghana Med J. 2013 Jun; 47(2): 70–73.
References
1. Bourillon 1. Shi X-Y, Ke Y-F, Jin N, Zhang H-M, Wei R-H, Li X-R. The prevalence of vision impairment and refractive error in 3654 first year students at Tianjin Medical University. Int J Ophthalmol 2018 ;11(10):1698‑703.
2. Alruwaili WS, Alruwaili MS, Alkuwaykibi MK, Zaky KA. Prevalence and Awareness of Refractive Errors among Aljouf University Medical Students. Egypt J Hosp Med 2018 ;70(1):29‑32.
3. Megbelayin EO, Asana UE, Nkanga DG, Duke RE, Ibanga AA, Etim BA, et al. Refractive errors and spectacle use behavior among medical students in a Nigerian medical school. Br J Med Med Res. 2014;4(13):2581.
4. Liang Xu , Ya Xing Wang, Jost B Jonas. Level of education associated with ophthalmic diseases. The Beijing Eye Study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010 Janv ;248(1) :49-57.
5. Midelfart A, Aamo B, Sjohaug KA, Dysthe BE (1992) : Myopia among medical students in Norway. Acta Ophthalmol., 70:317–22.
6. Fledelius H. Myopia profile in Copenhagen medical students 1996-98. Refractive stability over a century is suggested. Acta Ophthalmol Scand.,78 :501–510.
7. Mvogo CE, Bella-Hiag AL, Ellong A, Mbarga BM, Litumbe NC. Les amétropies statiques du noir camerounais. Ophthalmologica. 2001;215(3):212–216.
8. Hassan Hashemi, Mohammad Saatchi, Abbasali Yekta, Babak Ali, Hadi Ostadimoghaddam, Payam Nabovati, Mohamadreza Aghamirsalim, and Mehdi Khabazkhoob. High Prevalence of Asthenopia among a Population of University Students. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019; 14(4): 474–482.
9. Manjula Bussa , Babu G Ravi, P Nehakamalini. Study on Incidence and Progression of Refractive Errors in Medical Students. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2019 ;11(22) :167-171.
10. Ebana Mvogo SR, Dohvoma Viola A, Omgbwa Eballe A, Ellong A, Belinga Kye O, Ebana Mvogo C. Profil des amétropies statiques chez les sujets atteints d’un strabisme concomitant a l’hopital général de Douala. Revue SOAO N° 01- 2016, pp. 13-19
11. Eballe AO, Bella LA, Owono D, Mbome S, Mvogo CE. Eye disease in children aged 6 to 15 years: a hospital-based study in Yaounde. Sante 2009 ;19(2) :61-6.
12. 16. Ebeigbe J A, Kio F, Okafor L I. Attitude and Beliefs of Nigerian Undergraduates to Spectacle Wear. Ghana Med J. 2013 Jun; 47(2): 70–73.
