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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a critical public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in conflict-affected regions. This study evaluated SAM prevalence, mortality, and associated risk factors among children in Bamenda municipality, Northwest Cameroon, a region impacted by prolonged sociopolitical crisis since 2016. Methodology. We conducted a retrospective cohort study across three health facilities in Bamenda between January 2020 and April 2025. Medical records of children aged 6 months to 5 years diagnosed with SAM (weight-for-height <-3 Z-score, MUAC <115mm, or height-for-age <-2SD) were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified mortality predictors. Results. Among 13,175 children assessed, 383 had SAM, yielding a hospital-based prevalence of 2.9%. The mortality rate was 3.65% (n=14). Most children (87.4%) were aged 6-10 months with female predominance (56.9%). Septicemia (28.0%), malaria (20.4%), and pneumonia (15.1%) were common comorbidities. HIV prevalence was 3.92%. In univariate analysis, cerebral palsy (OR=15.5), congenital cardiopathy (OR=22.3), hypoglycemia (OR=30.6), and cardiac insufficiency (OR=22.2) significantly predicted mortality. However, multivariate analysis identified cerebral palsy as the sole independent mortality predictor (aOR=11.3, 95% CI: 1.91-64.3, p=0.006). Conclusion. Despite ongoing regional crisis, SAM prevalence and mortality in Bamenda remained relatively low compared to other sub-Saharan African settings. Cerebral palsy emerged as the primary mortality risk factor, highlighting the critical vulnerability of neurologically impaired children with SAM and the urgent need for integrated nutritional and neurological care protocols.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La malnutrition aiguë sévère (MAS) reste un défi de santé publique critique en Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans les régions touchées par les conflits.2 Cette étude a évalué la prévalence de la MAS, la mortalité et les facteurs de risque associés chez les enfants de la municipalité de Bamenda, dans le Nord-Ouest du Cameroun, une région impactée par une crise sociopolitique prolongée depuis 2016. Méthodologie. Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective dans trois établissements de santé à Bamenda entre janvier 2020 et avril 2025. Les dossiers médicaux d'enfants âgés de 6 mois à 5 ans diagnostiqués avec une MAS (poids/taille <-3 Z-score, PCMU < 115mm, ou taille/âge <-2DS) ont été examinés. Des analyses de régression logistique univariée et multivariée ont été effectuées pour identifier les prédicteurs de mortalité. Résultats. Sur 13 175 enfants évalués, 383 présentaient une MAS, ce qui donne une prévalence hospitalière de 2,9%. Le taux de mortalité était de 3,65% (n=14). La plupart des enfants (87,4%) étaient âgés de 6 à 10 mois, avec une prédominance féminine (56,9%). La septicémie (28,0%), le paludisme (20,4%) et la pneumonie (15,1%) étaient des comorbidités courantes. La prévalence du VIH était de 3,92%. En analyse univariée, la paralysie cérébrale (OR=15,5), la cardiopathie congénitale (OR=22,3), l'hypoglycémie (OR=30,6) et l'insuffisance cardiaque (OR=22,2) prédisaient significativement la mortalité. Cependant, l'analyse multivariée a identifié la paralysie cérébrale comme seul prédicteur indépendant de mortalité (aOR=11,3, IC 95% : 1,91-64,3, p=0,006). Conclusion. Malgré la crise régionale en cours, la prévalence et la mortalité par MAS à Bamenda sont restées relativement faibles par rapport à d'autres contextes en Afrique subsaharienne. La paralysie cérébrale est apparue comme le principal facteur de risque de mortalité, soulignant la vulnérabilité critique des enfants souffrant de troubles neurologiques atteints de MAS et le besoin urgent de protocoles de soins intégrés, nutritionnels et neurologiques.
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References
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References
1. Tadesse E, Berhane Y, Hjern A, Olsson P, Ekström EC. Perceptions of usage and unintended consequences of provision of ready-to-use therapeutic food for management of severe acute child malnutrition. A qualitative study in Southern Ethiopia. Health Pol Plann. 2015;30(10):1334-41.
2. Yohannes T, Laelago T, Ayele M, Tamrat T. Mortality and morbidity trends and predictors of mortality in under-five children with severe acute malnutrition in Hadiya zone, South Ethiopia: a four-year retrospective review of hospital-based records ,2012-2015. BMC Nutr. 2017;27(3):18.
3. Ngassa AB, Meriki HD, Mbanga CM, Nzefa LD, Mbhenyane X, Tambe AB. Key predictors of undernutrition among children 6-59 months in the Buea Health District of the Southwest region of Cameroon: a cross sectional community-based survey. BMC Nutr. 2022;13;8(1):148.
4. Maiga B, Diall H, Sacko K, Dembélé A. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of severe acute malnutrition of children under 5 years at the Gabriel Toure Teaching Hospital. Health Sci Dis 2019; 20:74–7.
5. Kalmogho A, Yonaba C, Dahourou DL, Chantal Z, Ourmer CL, Flore O et al. Facteurs associes à la mortalité chez les enfants malnutris aigus severes du CHU Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou. Sci Tech Sci Sante2016;39:115–24.
6. Bizuneh FK. Severe acute malnutrition treatment cure rate for under-five children admitted in stabilizing center: North West Ethiopia 2021. J Nutr Med Diet Care 2021;7:051.
7. INS, MINSANTE. Enquête de démographie et de Santé. 2018
8. Chiabi A, Malangue B, Nguefack S, Dongmo F, Fru F, Takou V,et al. The clinical spectrum of severe acute malnutrition in children in Cameroon: A hospital-based study in Yaounde, Cameroon. Transl Pediatr 2017;5:32-39.
9. Programme Alimentaire Mondiale (PAM). Plan stratégique pour le Cameroun ,2022–2026. rédigé en 2024
10. Cadre Intégré de Classification de la sécurité alimentaire (IPC). Situation nutritionnelle nationale de 32 départements, de 4 régions et des sites de réfugiés (centrafricain & nigérian) en 2023-2024. Publié le 29 mars 2024
11. World Bank Group. The Socio-Political Crisis in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon: Assessing the Economic and Social Impacts. 2021.
12. INS, MINSANTE. Enquête de démographie et de Santé. 2018
13. Nguefack F., M.N. Ehouzou , N. Kamgaing, A. Chiabi , O.E. Eloundou, R. Dong mo, S. Ngo Um et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acute severe malnourishment in HIV-infected children: A 5-year retrospective study. Journal de Pédiatrie et de Puériculture, Volume 28, Issue 5, November 2015, Pages 223-232.
14. Al Amad, M.A., Al-Eryani, S.Y., Algendari, K. et al. Rate and time of recovery and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months admitted to inpatient therapeutic feeding centers for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition in Sana’a, Yemen: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 25, 811 ,2025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-06166-7
15. Chanie ES, Moges N, Baye FD, Mekonnen GB, Fekadie MM, Bazezew LY, Anley DT, Zemene MA, Gebeyehu NA. Estimate the burden of malnutrition among children with cerebral palsy in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024 Mar 18;14(1):6494. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55730-1.
16. Séraphin Nguefack, Anderson Ngouo Tchiffo , David Chelo, Andréas Chiabi, Evelyn Mah, Félicité Dongmo, Dominique Enyama, Elie Mbonda. Croissance staturo-pondérale des enfants souffrant d’infirmité motrice cérébrale à Yaoundé, Cameroun. Pan African Medical Journal. 2015; 22:204doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.204.7753
17. Emmanuel Jules Ntap. Exclus et mal aimés: le triste sort des enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale. https://www.voaafrique.com/a/exclus-et-mal-aim%C3%A9s-le-triste-sort-des-enfants-atteints-de-paralysie-c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brale-cameroun-education-enfance/6270724.html. Consulté le 01 Décembre 2025
18. Seri Serge Landry, Bombo Julien M’boiffo , Gnazebo Any, Kaba Aboudramane, Kouadio Ettien Jacqueline Stéphanie, Oka N’guessan Armand, Alloh Amonso Daniel. Vécu Psycho-Social des Parents d’Enfants Atteints de Paralysie Cérébrale en Côte d’Ivoire. Health Sci. Dis: Vol 25 (1) January 2024 pp 26-31
19. S Ndlovu, C David Govender, P Tinarwo and KL Naidoo. Changing mortality amongst hospitalised children with Severe Acute Malnutrition in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, 2009 – 2018. BMC Nutrition (2022) 8:63 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00559-y
20. Fergusson, P. and Tomkins, A. HIV prevalence and mortality among children undergoing treatment for severe acute malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009; 103, 541-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.10.029
21. Namaganda LH, Almeida R, Kajungu D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Peterson S, Andrews C, et al. (2020) Excessive premature mortality among children with cerebral palsy in rural Uganda: A longitudinal, population-based study. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0243948.
22. Serini Murugasen, Priscilla Springer, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Melissa Gladstone, Charles Newton, Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige, et al. "Cerebral palsy in African paediatric populations: A scoping review". Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024;66:990–1012
23. Rotenberg S, Chen S, Hunt X, et al. Are children with disabilities more likely to be malnourished than children without disabilities? Evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in 30 countries. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2024;0:e000779. doi:10.1136/ bmjnph-2023-000779
