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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Routine vaccination prevents millions of childhood deaths annually. However, the impact of this program depends as much on initiation as on the full completion of the vaccination schedule, a persistent challenge in many settings. In Guinea, data on real-world coverage and determinants of vaccination completion remain insufficient. This study aimed to analyze vaccination coverage and factors associated with its completion among children aged 0 to 23 months at the Hafia health centre in Conakry. Methodology. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using vaccination registers from the Hafia health centre in the Dixinn commune. Data from 924 children who initiated vaccination in 2022 were collected and analyzed up to December 2023. Vaccination completion was defined as receipt of all doses recommended by the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Associated sociodemographic factors were identified through multivariate analysis. Results. Coverage for the first dose of each vaccine was excellent, reaching 100% for Penta1, and between 98% and 99% for BCG, VAR1, and IPV. However, significant drops were observed for subsequent doses. Only 23% of children completed their full vaccination schedule. Multivariate analysis revealed that children over 24 months (AOR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.80-4.32), those with a mother aged 20 or older (AOR: 1.91-2.34) or primiparous (AOR: 5.34; 95% CI: 2.28-12.74), and those with a father who was a vehicle operator (AOR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.13-3.60) had a significantly higher likelihood of completion. Conversely, children under 20 months were 37% less likely to complete their vaccination (AOR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44-0.91). Conclusion. This study reveals a critical gap between vaccination initiation and completion in Guinea. While access to the first contact is universal, dropouts during the schedule are massive. Public health strategies must urgently refocus on follow-up appointments, specifically targeting young children and leveraging the identified protective parental factors.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La vaccination systématique prévient des millions de décès d'enfants chaque année. Cependant, l'impact de ce programme repose autant sur l'initiation que sur l'achèvement complet du calendrier vaccinal, un défi persistant dans de nombreux contextes. En Guinée, les données sur la couverture réelle et les déterminants de l'achèvement vaccinal restent insuffisantes. L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser la couverture vaccinale et les facteurs associés à son achèvement chez les enfants de 0 à 23 mois dans le centre de santé de Hafia à Conakry. Méthodologie. Une étude de cohorte rétrospective a été menée à partir des registres de vaccination du centre de santé de Hafia, dans la commune de Dixinn. Les données de 924 enfants ayant initié leur vaccination en 2022 ont été collectées et analysées sur la période allant jusqu'en décembre 2023. L'achèvement vaccinal a été défini comme la réception de toutes les doses recommandées par le Programme Élargi de Vaccination. Les facteurs sociodémographiques associés ont été identifiés par analyse multivariée. Résultats. La couverture pour la première dose de chaque vaccin était excellente, atteignant 100% pour le Penta1, et entre 98% et 99% pour le BCG, le VAR1 et le VPI. Cependant, des baisses significatives ont été observées pour les doses ultérieures. Seulement 23% des enfants ont achevé l'intégralité de leur calendrier vaccinal. L'analyse multivariée a révélé que les enfants de plus de 24 mois (RCa : 2,80 ; IC95% : 1,80-4,32), ceux dont la mère était âgée de 20 ans ou plus (RCa : 1,91-2,34) ou primipare (RCa : 5,34 ; IC95% : 2,28-12,74), et ceux dont le père était conducteur de véhicule (RCa : 2,02 ; IC95% : 1,13-3,60) avaient une probabilité significativement plus élevée d'achèvement. À l'inverse, les enfants de moins de 20 mois avaient 37% moins de chances de terminer leur vaccination (RCa : 0,63 ; IC95% : 0,44-0,91). Conclusion. Cette étude révèle un fossé critique entre l'initiation et l'achèvement de la vaccination en Guinée. Si l'accès au premier contact est universel, les abandons en cours de calendrier sont massifs. Les stratégies de santé publique doivent urgemment se recentrer sur le suivi des rendez-vous, en ciblant particulièrement les jeunes enfants et en tirant parti des facteurs parentaux protecteurs identifiés.
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References
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References
1. Vaccines and vaccination, Internet. cited 11 May 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/fr/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization.
2. Using immunization coverage rates for monitoring health sector performance: Measurement and Interpretation Issues, Internet. cited 25 June 2024. Available from: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/607721468763783070/using-immunization-coverage-rates-for-monitoring-health-sector-performance-measurement-and-interpretation-issues
3. More than 50 million lives saved in Africa thanks to the World Expanded Programme on Immunisation | ReliefWeb, Internet. 2024, cited 6 May 2024. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/plus-de-50-millions-de-vies-sauvees-en-afrique-grace-au-programme-elargi-de-vaccination
4. Immunization-routine-table2-en.pdf, Internet. cited 11 May 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/immunization/tables/immunization-routine-table2-fr.pdf?sfvrsn=f6767742_2
5. Zemariam AB, Abebe GK, Kassa MA, Alamaw AW, Molla RW, Abate BB, et al. Immunization coverage and its associated factors among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia: An umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis studies. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0299384.
6. Jil JPM. Immunization status of children aged 12-23 months in Jonglei State, South Sudan: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. Pan Afr Med J. 29 March 2022;41:258.
7. Jules IN, Thierry NK, Nestor MN, Cele MN, Sophie YM, Maitre MM, et al. Mesures d'applications pour la reussite de la couverture vaccinale de routine des enfants de 0 à 59 mois dans la zone de sante de kikimi, division provinciale de kinshasa en republique democratique du congo. International Journal of Social Sciences and Scientific Studies. 7 Feb 2023;3(1):2239-53.
8. Akanpaabadai EA, Adiak AA, Nukpezah RN, Adokiya MN, Adjei SE, Boah M. Population-based cross-sectional study of factors influencing full vaccination status of children aged 12- 23 months in a rural district of the Upper East Region, Ghana. BMC Pediatr. 8 March 2024;24(1):168.
9. Touray E, Barrow A, Kinteh B, Badjie M, Nget M, Touray J, et al. Childhood vaccination uptake and associated factors among children 12-23 months in rural settings of the Gambia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Publi Health. 25 Sep 2021;21(1):1740.
10. Kagoné M, Yé M, Nébié E, Sie A, Schoeps A, Becher H, et al. Vaccination coverage and factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule in young children of a rural area in Burkina Faso. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1399749.
11. Nour TY, Farah AM, Ali OM, Osman MO, Aden MA, Abate KH. Predictors of immunization coverage among 12-23 -month-old children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 26 Nov 2020;20(1):1803.
12. Nour TY, Farah AM, Ali OM, Osman MO, Aden MA, Abate KH. Predictors of immunization coverage among 12-23 -month-old children in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 26 Nov 2020;20(1):1803. FR353.pdf, Internet. cited 25 June 2024. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR353/FR353.pdf
13. Diallo MD. Factors Associated with Full Vaccination in Children 12 to 23 Months of Age in Guinea. European Scientific Journal, ESJ. 31 May 2021;17(17):80-80.
14. Touré A, Camara I, Camara A, Sylla M, Sow MS, Keita AK. Rapid survey to determine the predictive factors of vaccination coverage in children aged 0 to 59 months in Guinea. Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 26 August 2021;36(1):9.
15. Émond A. Cadre conceptuel de la santé et de ses déterminants - Résultat d'une réflexion commune.
16. Guinea - Total population | Statistics, Internet. cited 25 June 2024. Available from: https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMTendanceStatPays/?codeStat=SP.POP.TOTL&codePays=GIN&codeTheme=1
17. About children in Guinea | UNICEF Internet. cited 25 June 2024. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/guinea/propos-des-enfants-en-guinee
18. Pouth SFBB, Kazambu D, Delissaint D, Kobela M. Vaccination coverage and factors associated with vaccine non-completeness in children aged 12-23 months in the Djoungolo-Cameroon health district in 2012. The Pan African Medical Journal, Internet. 2014 cited 7 May 2024;17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247736/
19. Camara BS, El Ayadi AM, Thea AS, Traoré FB, Diallo EHM, Doré M, et al. Mixed influence of COVID-19 on primary maternal and child health services in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. Front Public Health, Internet. 24 June 2024 cited 25 June 2024;12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1399398/full
20. Darebo TD, Oshe BB, Diro CW. Full vaccination coverage and associated factors among children aged 12 to 23 months in remote rural area of Demba Gofa District, Southern Ethiopia. PeerJ. 14 March 2022;10:e13081.
21. Mekonnen AG, Bayleyegn AD, Ayele ET. Immunization coverage of 12-23 months old children and its associated factors in Minjar-Shenkora district, Ethiopia: a community-based study. BMC Pediatr. 14 June 2019;19:198.
