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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Le diclofénac de sodium est un anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien de référence dont la courte demi-vie biologique impose le recours à des formes à libération prolongée (LP) pour optimiser l’observance thérapeutique et la stabilité plasmatique. En Afrique subsaharienne, la prolifération de génériques aux origines diverses soulève des interrogations sur leur interchangeabilité réelle. Cette étude visait à évaluer la cinétique de libération in vitro des formulations LP disponibles à Yaoundé afin de comparer leur profil de dissolution à celui du princeps. Méthodologie. Nous avons mené une étude expérimentale descriptive sur dix lots commerciaux, dont neuf sous forme de comprimés et un sous forme de gélules. Les essais ont été réalisés selon la méthode USP II (palettes) dans un tampon phosphate à pH 7,4. Le dosage du principe actif a été effectué par spectrophotométrie UV à 275 nm sur une période de huit heures. La comparaison des profils s'est appuyée sur les facteurs de différence et de similarité , complétée par un test de Wilcoxon pour valider la comparabilité statistique des moyennes. Résultats. Seuls 60 % (6/10) des lots testés étaient conformes aux spécifications de la pharmacopée. Le princeps et trois génériques (D04, D05, D10) ont présenté une libération progressive et homogène, avec des facteurs supérieurs à 50. À l’opposé, 40 % des lots (D01, D02, D07, D08), principalement d’origine indienne, ont montré une non-conformité majeure caractérisée par une libération précoce excessive ou une forte variabilité intra-lot. Les lots D07 et D08 affichaient notamment une dissolution dépassant 50 % dès la deuxième heure, risquant un relargage massif de la dose. Conclusion. Si certains génériques européens assurent une équivalence stricte, une proportion inquiétante de formulations LP de diclofénac à Yaoundé échoue aux tests de dissolution. Ces disparités galéniques compromettent la sécurité d'emploi et soulignent l'urgence d'un renforcement de la surveillance post-marché et des exigences de bioéquivalence in vivo.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Diclofenac sodium is a cornerstone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug whose short biological half-life necessitates sustained-release (SR) formulations to enhance patient compliance and maintain steady-state plasma levels. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the proliferation of generics from diverse origins raises concerns regarding their therapeutic interchangeability. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro release kinetics of SR formulations available in Yaoundé to compare their dissolution profiles with the originator. Methodology. We conducted a descriptive experimental study on ten commercial lots, including nine tablet formulations and one capsule formulation. Dissolution tests were performed using the USP II (paddle) method in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The active ingredient was quantified via UV spectrophotometry at 275 nm over an eight-hour period. Profile comparison was based on difference and similarity factors, supplemented by a Wilcoxon test to statistically validate the comparability of means. Results. Only 60% (6/10) of the tested lots complied with pharmacopeia specifications. The originator and three generics (D04, D05, D10) exhibited a progressive and steady release, with factors exceeding 50. Conversely, 40% of the lots (D01, D02, D07, D08), primarily of Indian origin, showed major non-compliance characterized by excessive early release or high intra-lot variability. Notably, lots D07 and D08 showed dissolution rates exceeding 50% by the second hour, posing a risk of dose dumping. Conclusion. While certain European generics ensure strict equivalence, a worrying proportion of SR diclofenac formulations in Yaoundé fails dissolution testing. These pharmaceutical disparities compromise safety and highlight the urgent need for strengthened post-market surveillance and in vivo bioequivalence requirements.
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References
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- 8. Dissolution parameters for sodium diclofenac-containing hypromellose matrix tablets. Int J Pharm. 2009;372(1–2):100–107.
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- 17. Zafar F, Ali H, Shah SN, Bushra R, Yasmin R, Naqvi GR, Shareef H. Evaluation of release patterns of diclofenac sodium sustained release tablets available in Pakistani market. Lat Am J Pharm. 2014;33(5):759–765.
References
1. Todd PA, Sorkin EM. Diclofenac sodium: a reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drgs. 1988;35(3):244–285.
2. Velasco MV, Kincl M, Palomo ME, et al. Diclofenac sodium multisource prolonged-release tablets: a comparative study on dissolution profiles. J Control Release. 2005;104(1):1–7.
3. Anurag N, Jain N, Kumar B. Development of sustained-release matrix tablet of diclofenac sodium. Nat J Pharm Sci. 2025;5(1):35–38.
4. Bravo SA, Lamas MC, Salomón CJ. In vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2002;5(3):213–219.
5. Davies NM. Sustained-release and enteric-coated NSAIDs: are they really GI safe? J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51(Suppl):31S–52S.
6. Amidon GL, Lennernäs H, Shah VP, Crison JR. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drg classification: the correlation of in vitro drg product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm Res. 1995;12(3):413–420.
7. Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Reppas C, Shah VP. Dissolution testing as a prognostic tool for oral drg absorption: immediate-release dosage forms. Pharm Res. 1998;15(1):11–22.
8. Dissolution parameters for sodium diclofenac-containing hypromellose matrix tablets. Int J Pharm. 2009;372(1–2):100–107.
9. Moore JW, Flanner HH. Mathematical comparison of dissolution profiles. Pharm Technol. 1996;20(6):64–74.
10. Costa P, Lobo JMS. Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;13(2):123–133.
11. United States Pharmacopeia. USP 43–NF 38: Dissolution testing of tablets and capsules. Rockville (MD): USP; 2020.
12. Serris E, et al. Étude expérimentale de la dissolution des matrices hydrophiles complexes à base d’hypromellose et de principes actifs. HAL; 2007. Disponible sur: https://hal.science/hal-00457798/document
13. Maskova E, Kubova K, Raimi-Abraham BT, Vllasaliu D, Vohlidalova E, Tunarek J, Masek J. Hypromellose – a traditional pharmaceutical excipient with modern applications in oral and oromucosal drg delivery. Int J Pharm. 2020;324:695–727.
14. Awa K, Shinzawa H, Ozaki Y. The effect of microcrystalline cellulose crystallinity on the hydrophilic property of tablets and the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid as active pharmaceutical ingredient inside tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;16(4):865–870. doi:10.1208/s12249-014-0276-7
15. Direction du Médicament et de la Pharmacie. Lignes directrices sur la bioéquivalence des médicaments. Rabat (Maroc); 2020.
16. Abdullah MD, Bepary S, Rouf AS. In vitro dissolution studies of different brands of sustained-release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets available in Bangladesh. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008;21(1):70–75.
17. Zafar F, Ali H, Shah SN, Bushra R, Yasmin R, Naqvi GR, Shareef H. Evaluation of release patterns of diclofenac sodium sustained release tablets available in Pakistani market. Lat Am J Pharm. 2014;33(5):759–765.
