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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred vascular access for chronic hemodialysis, yet their longevity is threatened by severe infectious complications. Among these, infected pseudoaneurysms represent a medical and surgical emergency affecting both life and limb prognosis. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and surgical outcomes of these lesions in hemodialysis patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology. We conducted a retrospective study (2021-2024) including all patients presenting with an infected pseudoaneurysm following native AVF creation. Variables analyzed included time to onset, the iterative nature of AVF creation, surgical technique (aneurysmorrhaphy versus ligation), and postoperative outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results. Out of 285 AVFs created, 11 (3.85%) developed an infected pseudoaneurysm, predominantly in men (54.5%) with a mean age of 42.45 years. The median time to onset was 20 days, indicating early-stage complications. A salient finding shows that creating an AVF during a second iterative attempt significantly multiplied the risk of developing this complication (p < 0.001). One case of inaugural rupture was recorded. Surgical treatment, performed under local anesthesia, consisted of ligation leading to loss of vascular access in 72.7% of cases (8/11), compared to 27.3% receiving aneurysmorrhaphy to salvage the fistula. Immediate postoperative outcomes were favorable for the entire cohort, with no recurrences during follow-up. Conclusion. Infected pseudoaneurysms occur preferentially during repeat AVF surgeries. While ligation with fistula exclusion is often unavoidable to ensure patient safety, early diagnosis may permit conservative arterial repair. Rigorous asepsis during iterative procedures is imperative to prevent this complication.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. La fistule artérioveineuse (FAV) native constitue la voie d'abord privilégiée pour l'hémodialyse chronique, mais sa pérennité est menacée par des complications infectieuses graves. Parmi elles, le pseudoanévrisme infecté représente une urgence médico-chirurgicale engageant le pronostic vital et fonctionnel. Cette étude visait à analyser les caractéristiques cliniques, les facteurs de risque et les résultats du traitement chirurgical de ces lésions chez les hémodialysés en Afrique subsaharienne. Méthodologie. Nous avons conduit une étude rétrospective (2021-2024) incluant tous les patients présentant un pseudoanévrisme infecté sur FAV native. Les variables analysées comprenaient le délai de survenue, le caractère itératif de la création de la FAV, la technique opératoire (anévrismorraphie versus ligature) et le devenir postopératoire. L'analyse statistique a été réalisée avec le logiciel SPSS version 26. Résultats. Sur 285 FAV créées, 11 (3,85 %) ont développé un pseudoanévrisme infecté, principalement chez des hommes (54,5 %) avec un âge moyen de 42,45 ans. Le délai médian de survenue était de 20 jours, traduisant une complication précoce. Un résultat saillant montre que la création d'une FAV lors d'une deuxième tentative itérative multipliait significativement le risque de développer cette complication (p < 0,001). Un cas de rupture inaugurale a été recensé. Le traitement chirurgical, réalisé sous anesthésie locale, a consisté en une ligature entraînant la perte de l'accès vasculaire dans 72,7 % des cas (8/11), contre 27,3 % d'anévrismorraphies permettant le sauvetage de la fistule. Les suites opératoires immédiates furent favorables pour l'ensemble de la cohorte, sans aucune récidive au terme du suivi. Conclusion. Le pseudoanévrisme infecté survient préférentiellement lors des reprises chirurgicales de FAV. Bien que la ligature avec exclusion de la fistule soit souvent inévitable pour sécuriser le patient, un diagnostic précoce peut autoriser une réparation artérielle conservatrice. Une asepsie rigoureuse lors des procédures itératives est impérative pour prévenir cette complication.
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References
- 1. Allon M, Robbin ML. Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int. 2002; 62:1109–24.
- 2. Prasad, T Krishna; Sinha, Maneesh; Harsha, HS; Prasannakumar, K; Krishnamoorthy, Venkatesh. Pseudoaneurysms in Dialysis Access – Outcomes of Surgical Repair. Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2020; 7:245-9.
- 3. Sidawy AN, Gray R, Besarab A, Henry M, Ascher E, Silva M Jr, Miller A, Scher L, Trerotola S, Gregory RT, Rutherford RB, Kent KC. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 35:603-10.
- 4. Fotiadis N, Shawyer A, Namagondlu G, Iyer A, Matson M, Yaqoob MM. Endovascular repair of symptomatic hemodialysis access graft pseudoaneurysms J Vasc Access. 2014; 15:5–11
- 5. Zibari GB, Rohr MS, Landreneau MD, Bridges RM, DeVault GA, Petty FH, Costley KJ, Brown ST, McDonald JC. Complications from permanent hemodialysis vascular access. Surgery. 1988; 104:681-6.
- 6. Ballard JL, Bunt TJ, Malone JM. Major complications of angioaccess surgery Am J Surg. 1992;164:229–32
- 7. Edi P, Utomo R. Management of pseudoaneurysm on arteriovenous fistula: serial cases from west java. Jurnal Widya Medika. 2021; 7:10-7.
- 8. Belli S, Parlakgumus A, Colakoglu T, Ezer A, Yildirim S, Moray G, Haberal M. Surgical treatment modalities for complicated aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:438-45.
- 9. Tashjian DB, Lipkowitz GS, Madden RL, et al. Safety and efficacy of femoral-based hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Surg 2002;35(4):691-3
- 10. Mudoni A, Cornacchiari M, Gallieni M, Guastoni C, McGrogan D, Logias F, Ferramosca E, Mereghetti M, Inston N. Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms in dialysis access. Clin Kidney J. 2015; 8:363-7.
- 11. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Argyriou C. Aneurysm formation and infection in AV prosthesis. J Vasc Access 2014; 15: S120–4.
- 12. MacRae JM, Dipchand C, Oliver M, Moist L, Yilmaz S, Lok C, Leung K, Clark E, Hiremath S, Kappel J, Kiaii M, Luscombe R, Miller LM; Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Arteriovenous Access: Infection, Neuropathy, and Other Complications. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016; 3:2054358116669127.
- 13. Schild AF, Perez E, Gillaspie E, Seaver C, Livingstone J, Thibonnier A. Arteriovenous fistulae vs. arteriovenous grafts: a retrospective review of 1,700 consecutive vascular access cases. J Vasc Access. 2008; 9:231-5
- 14. Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Scharff J, Dougherty MJ. Management of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 39:73-8.
- 15. Aamir S. Shah, Jaime Valdes, Kristofer M. Charlton-Ouw, Zhongxue Chen, Sheila M. Coogan, Hammad M. Amer, Anthony L. Estrera, Hazim J. Safi, Ali Azizzadeh, Endovascular treatment of hemodialysis access pseudoaneurysms, Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2012; 55:1058-62.
- 16. Behera K, Padhy AK, Gupta M, Pramanik S, Chandhar P, Gupta A. Surgical Challenges In Managing Haemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Complications In Tertiary Care Centre: Our Approach. Port J Card Thorac Vasc Surg. 2025; 31:27-32.
References
1. Allon M, Robbin ML. Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int. 2002; 62:1109–24.
2. Prasad, T Krishna; Sinha, Maneesh; Harsha, HS; Prasannakumar, K; Krishnamoorthy, Venkatesh. Pseudoaneurysms in Dialysis Access – Outcomes of Surgical Repair. Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2020; 7:245-9.
3. Sidawy AN, Gray R, Besarab A, Henry M, Ascher E, Silva M Jr, Miller A, Scher L, Trerotola S, Gregory RT, Rutherford RB, Kent KC. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 35:603-10.
4. Fotiadis N, Shawyer A, Namagondlu G, Iyer A, Matson M, Yaqoob MM. Endovascular repair of symptomatic hemodialysis access graft pseudoaneurysms J Vasc Access. 2014; 15:5–11
5. Zibari GB, Rohr MS, Landreneau MD, Bridges RM, DeVault GA, Petty FH, Costley KJ, Brown ST, McDonald JC. Complications from permanent hemodialysis vascular access. Surgery. 1988; 104:681-6.
6. Ballard JL, Bunt TJ, Malone JM. Major complications of angioaccess surgery Am J Surg. 1992;164:229–32
7. Edi P, Utomo R. Management of pseudoaneurysm on arteriovenous fistula: serial cases from west java. Jurnal Widya Medika. 2021; 7:10-7.
8. Belli S, Parlakgumus A, Colakoglu T, Ezer A, Yildirim S, Moray G, Haberal M. Surgical treatment modalities for complicated aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:438-45.
9. Tashjian DB, Lipkowitz GS, Madden RL, et al. Safety and efficacy of femoral-based hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Surg 2002;35(4):691-3
10. Mudoni A, Cornacchiari M, Gallieni M, Guastoni C, McGrogan D, Logias F, Ferramosca E, Mereghetti M, Inston N. Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms in dialysis access. Clin Kidney J. 2015; 8:363-7.
11. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Argyriou C. Aneurysm formation and infection in AV prosthesis. J Vasc Access 2014; 15: S120–4.
12. MacRae JM, Dipchand C, Oliver M, Moist L, Yilmaz S, Lok C, Leung K, Clark E, Hiremath S, Kappel J, Kiaii M, Luscombe R, Miller LM; Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group. Arteriovenous Access: Infection, Neuropathy, and Other Complications. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2016; 3:2054358116669127.
13. Schild AF, Perez E, Gillaspie E, Seaver C, Livingstone J, Thibonnier A. Arteriovenous fistulae vs. arteriovenous grafts: a retrospective review of 1,700 consecutive vascular access cases. J Vasc Access. 2008; 9:231-5
14. Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Scharff J, Dougherty MJ. Management of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 39:73-8.
15. Aamir S. Shah, Jaime Valdes, Kristofer M. Charlton-Ouw, Zhongxue Chen, Sheila M. Coogan, Hammad M. Amer, Anthony L. Estrera, Hazim J. Safi, Ali Azizzadeh, Endovascular treatment of hemodialysis access pseudoaneurysms, Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2012; 55:1058-62.
16. Behera K, Padhy AK, Gupta M, Pramanik S, Chandhar P, Gupta A. Surgical Challenges In Managing Haemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Complications In Tertiary Care Centre: Our Approach. Port J Card Thorac Vasc Surg. 2025; 31:27-32.
