Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Despite global progress, routine immunization coverage remains suboptimal in hard-to-reach and vulnerable settings. Community-based strategies involving trusted local actors such as traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as critical to improving access and demand for vaccination. However, detailed documentation of how such interventions are designed and implemented remains limited. This article describes an example of such interventions in the Kousseri health district in the Far North region of Cameroon. Methods. A community-based implementation study was conducted between July and September 2025. The intervention included training TBAs and CHWs, community sensitization sessions, group discussions targeting women and men, referral of unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children, and field supervision. Data sources included routine health information system data (DHIS2), post-intervention questionnaires, and focus group discussions. Results. The intervention demonstrated the feasibility of engaging TBAs and CHWs in routine immunization promotion. Key implementation components included tailored training, structured supervision, and referral mechanisms. Conclusion. The experience from Kousseri highlights the feasibility and relevance of engaging TBAs and CHWs as key actors in routine immunization promotion in fragile settings.
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. Malgré les progrès réalisés à l’échelle mondiale, la couverture vaccinale systématique reste insuffisante dans les zones difficiles d’accès et les populations vulnérables. Les stratégies communautaires faisant appel à des acteurs locaux de confiance, tels que les accoucheuses traditionnelles (AT) et les agents de santé communautaires (ASC), sont de plus en plus reconnues comme essentielles pour améliorer l’accès à la vaccination et stimuler la demande. Cependant, les données détaillées sur la manière dont ces interventions sont conçues et mises en œuvre restent limitées. Cet article décrit la conception, le processus de mise en œuvre et les enseignements tirés d’une intervention semblabe dans le district sanitaire de Kousseri, dans la région de l’Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. Méthodes. Une étude de mise en œuvre à l’échelle communautaire a été menée entre juillet et septembre 2025. L’intervention comprenait la formation des accoucheuses traditionnelles et des agents de santé communautaires, des séances de sensibilisation communautaire, des discussions de groupe destinées aux femmes et aux hommes, l’orientation des enfants non vaccinés ou sous-vaccinés, ainsi qu’un accompagnement sur le terrain. Les sources de données comprenaient les données du système d’information sanitaire de routine (DHIS2), des questionnaires post-intervention et des discussions de groupes de réflexion. Résultats. L’intervention a démontré la faisabilité d’impliquer les accoucheuses traditionnelles et les agents de santé communautaires dans la promotion de la vaccination systématique. Les principaux éléments de mise en œuvre comprenaient une formation sur mesure, une supervision structurée et des mécanismes d’orientation. Conclusion. L’expérience menée à Kousseri met en évidence la faisabilité et la pertinence d’impliquer les accoucheuses traditionnelles et les agents de santé communautaires en tant qu’acteurs clés de la promotion de la vaccination systématique dans des contextes fragiles.
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References
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- 14. Nshimayesu M, Alayande BT, Ishimwe SMC, Uwimana A, Niyiragira C, Tambo E. Community -Based intervention to reach the last mile of childhood vaccination coverage in Rwanda: Case study of Burera distric. 2025;2025.05.23.25328222.
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References
1. Sáfadi MAP. The importance of immunization as a public health instrument. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022;99(Suppl 1):S1–S3.
2. M Shuaibu F, Birukila G, Usman S, Mohammed A, Galway M, Corkum M, et al. Mass immunization with inactivated polio vaccine in conflict zones – Experience from Borno and Yobe States, North-Eastern Nigeria. J Public Health Policy. 2016;37(1):36–50.
3. Tamir TT, Tekeba B, Techane MA, Alemu TG, Wubneh CA, Wassie YA. Coverage of complete basic childhood vaccination and its variation by basic characteristics among children aged 12–23 months in 41 low- and middle-income countries: A Meta-analysis of demographic and health survey reports between 2015 and 2025. Vaccine. 2025;54:127019.
4. Dimitrova A, Carrasco-Escobar G, Richardson R, Benmarhnia T. Essential childhood immunization in 43 low- and middle-income countries: Analysis of spatial trends and socioeconomic inequalities in vaccine coverage. PLOS Med. 2023;20(1):e1004166.
5. Ogutu EA, Ellis AS, Hester KA, Rodriguez K, Sakas Z, Jaishwal C, et al. Success in vaccination programming through community health workers: a qualitative analysis of interviews and focus group discussions from Nepal, Senegal and Zambia. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e079358.
6. Kwedi Nolna S, Bonono C-R, Nsangou Moncher M, Bindé T, Nolna D, Ongolo Zogo P. Factors influencing the performance of routine immunization in urban areas: A comparative case study of two cities in Cameroon: Douala and Yaoundé. Vaccine. 2018;36(49):7549–7555.
7. Saidu Y, Gu J, Michael Ngenge B, Nchinjoh SC, Adidja A, Edwidge N, et al. Improving Childhood Immunization Service Delivery in Cameroon: A Synthesis of Caregiver Experiences and Recommendations. Vaccines. 2024;12(12):1430.
8. Grant M, Wilford A, Haskins L, Phakathi S, Mntambo N, Horwood CM. Trust of community health workers influences the acceptance of community-based maternal and child health services. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2017;9(1):1281.
9. Musie MR, Mulaudzi MF, Anokwuru R, Bhana-Pema V. Recognise and Acknowledge Us: Views of Traditional Birth Attendants on Collaboration with Midwives for Maternal Health Care Services. Int J Reprod Med. 2022;2022:9216500.
10. Zulu JM, Silumbwe A, Munakampe M, Chavula MP, Mulubwa C, Sirili N, et al. A scoping review of the roles, challenges, and strategies for enhancing the performance of community health workers in the response against COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Prim Care. 2025;26:163.
11. Vouking MZ, Takougang I, Mbam LM, Mbuagbaw L, Tadenfok CN, Tamo CV. The contribution of community health workers to the control of Buruli ulcer in the Ngoantet area, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;16(63). doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.16.63.1407.
12. Tchio-Nighie KH, Chebe AN, Bashombwa AM, Nembo PN, Ateudjieu J. Improving Access to PMTCT Through the Involvement of Traditional Birth Attendants in Program Activities in the Far North Region of Cameroon: A Retrospective Cohort Study. HIVAIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2024;16:423–431.
13. Ateudjieu J, Tchio-Nighie KH, Goura AP, Ndinakie MY, Dieffi Tchifou M, Amada L, et al. Tracking Demographic Movements and Immunization Status to Improve Children’s Access to Immunization: Field-Based Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(3):e32213.
14. Nshimayesu M, Alayande BT, Ishimwe SMC, Uwimana A, Niyiragira C, Tambo E. Community -Based intervention to reach the last mile of childhood vaccination coverage in Rwanda: Case study of Burera distric. 2025;2025.05.23.25328222.
15. Lane K, Garrod J. The return of the Traditional Birth Attendant. J Glob Health.6(2):020302.
16. Nabia S, Betron M, Arlotti-Parish E, Varnauskas A, Nduka CC, Pius A, et al. Strategies for men’s engagement and its effectiveness in improving child health and immunization—a rapid review. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1539190.
17. Musuka G, Moyo E, Mano O, Madziva R, Pierre G, Iradukunda PG, et al. Paternal factors affecting under-five immunization status in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2025;64:127695.
18. Abdel Majeed Z, Ahmad N, Mere O, Farrukh S, Mohsni E, Derow M, et al. Innovative and sustainable solutions for reducing ‘zero-dose’ vaccination: How can the region respond? Front Public Health. 2025;13:1652977.
