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Abstract
Introduction. Au Bénin, les troubles anxieux au cours de la maladie de Parkinson sont sous‑identifiés en raison de tabous culturels, bien qu’ils altèrent sévèrement la qualité de vie. Nous avons mené cette étude pour déterminer la prévalence de l’anxiété et identifier ses facteurs associés chez les patients parkinsoniens suivis à la Clinique Universitaire de Neurologie du CNHU‑HKM de Cotonou. Méthodes. Nous avons réalisé une étude observationnelle, rétrospective et transversale incluant tous les patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson confirmée, suivis entre janvier 2015 et décembre 2024, après consentement éclairé. Nous avons évalué l’anxiété à l’aide de l’échelle Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD, seuil ≥8). Nous avons recueilli les données cliniques et thérapeutiques, puis effectué des analyses bivariées (Chi² ou Fisher exact) avec un seuil de signification p<0,05. Résultats. Sur 122 patients identifiés, 42 ont été inclus (36 hommes, 6 femmes, sex‑ratio H/F 6). La prévalence des troubles anxieux était de 26,2 % (11/42), incluant 23,8 % de formes légères et 2,4 % de formes modérées. L’âge moyen des patients anxieux était de 62,2 ans. Les facteurs significativement associés à l’anxiété étaient : la présence de symptômes non moteurs (p=0,041), la prise de lévodopa (p=0,016), un stade évolutif avancé selon Hoehn et Yahr (p<0,01), la dépendance fonctionnelle (p=0,038), l’altération des activités de la vie quotidienne (p=0,049) et la présence de troubles cognitifs (p<0,01). Aucune association n’a été retrouvée avec l’âge ou le sexe. Conclusion. Les troubles anxieux affectent plus d’un quart des patients parkinsoniens à Cotonou, en particulier ceux ayant des symptômes non moteurs, un stade avancé, une perte d’autonomie ou des troubles cognitifs. Un dépistage systématique de l’anxiété devrait être intégré à la prise en charge de routine.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. In Benin, anxiety disorders in Parkinson’s disease are under‑identified due to cultural taboos, yet they severely impair quality of life. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of anxiety and identify its associated factors in Parkinson’s disease patients followed at the University Neurology Clinic of CNHU‑HKM in Cotonou. Methods. We performed an observational, retrospective, cross‑sectional study including all patients with confirmed Parkinson’s disease followed between January 2015 and December 2024, after informed consent. We assessed anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD, cutoff ≥8). We collected clinical and therapeutic data and performed bivariate analyses (Chi‑square or Fisher’s exact test) with a significance level of p<0.05. Results. Among 122 identified patients, 42 were included (36 men, 6 women, male‑to‑female ratio 6). The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 26.2% (11/42), including 23.8% mild and 2.4% moderate forms. Mean age of anxious patients was 62.2 years. Factors significantly associated with anxiety were: presence of non‑motor symptoms (p=0.041), levodopa use (p=0.016), advanced Hoehn and Yahr stage (p<0.01), functional dependence (p=0.038), impairment in activities of daily living (p=0.049), and cognitive impairment (p<0.01). No association was found with age or sex. Conclusion. Anxiety disorders affect more than one‑quarter of Parkinson’s disease patients in Cotonou, particularly those with non‑motor symptoms, advanced stage, loss of autonomy, or cognitive impairment. Systematic anxiety screening should be integrated into routine care.
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References
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References
1. DeMaagd G, Philip A. Parkinson’s Disease and Its Management. P T. 2015;40(8):504-32.
2. Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Time for a New Image of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurology.2020;77(11):1345.
3. Quarshie JT, Mensah EN, Quaye O, Aikins AR. The Current State of Parkinsonism in West Africa: A Systematic Review. Parkinson’s Disease 2021;2021:7479423.
4. Gnonlonfoun D, Adjien KC, Adoukonou T, Goudjinou G, Djakpo L, Houinato D. La maladie de Parkinson (MP) en milieu tropical, cas du Bénin. Revue Neurologique (Paris). 2017;173:S137.
5. Broen MPG, Narayen NE, Kuijf ML, Dissanayaka NNW, Leentjens AFG. Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders. 2016;31(8):1125-33.
6. Schrag A, Taddei RN. Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease. In: International Review of Neurobiology. Elsevier; 2017. p. 623-55.
7. Dissanayaka NNW, Sellbach A, Matheson S, O’Sullivan JD, Silburn PA, Byrne GJ, et al. Anxiety disorders in Parkinson’s disease: Prevalence and risk factors. Movement Disorders. 2010;25(7):838-45.
8. Chen JJ, Marsh L. Anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: identification and management. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 2014;7(1):52-9.
9. Khan MA, Quadri SA, Tohid H. A comprehensive overview of the neuropsychiatry of Parkinson’s disease: A review. Bulletion of the Menninger Clinic. 2017;81(1):53-105.
10. Pontone GM, Williams JR, Anderson KE, Chase G, Goldstein SA, Grill S, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders and anxiety subtypes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2009;24(9):1333-8.
11. Chen YK, Lu JY, Chan DML, Mok VCT, Yeung MA, Wong KS, et al. Anxiety disorders in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2010;40(1):97-107.
12. Yachkouri HE, Chraa M, Kissani N. Signes non moteurs de la maladie de Parkinson et leur impact sur la qualité de vie : expérience du service de neurologie du CHU Mohammed VI de Marrakech. Revue Neurologique (Paris). 2017;173:S139.
13. Williams U, Bandmann O, Walker R. Parkinson’s Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Epidemiology, Genetics and Access to Care. Journal of Movements Disorders. 2018;11(2):53-64.
14. de Lau LML, Breteler MMB. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet Neurology. 2006;5(6):525-35.
15. Thomas C, Coulibaly T, Sissoko AS, Landoure G, Ouologuem M, Maiga Y, et al. Maladie de Parkinson dans le Service de Neurologie du CHU Point G. Health Sciences and Disease. 2021;22(10). Available from: https://www.hsd-fmsb.org/index.php/hsd/article/view/2933
16. de Rijk MC, Launer LJ, Berger K, Breteler MM, Dartigues JF, Baldereschi M, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurology. 2000;54(11 Suppl 5):S21-23.
17. Aarsland D, Marsh L, Schrag A. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2009;24(15):2175-86.
18. Cui SS, Du JJ, Fu R, Lin YQ, Huang P, He YC, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for depression and anxiety in Chinese patients with Parkinson disease. BMC Geriatrics. 2017;17(1):270.
19. Richard IH, Schiffer RB, Kurlan R. Anxiety and Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996 Fall;8(4):383-92. doi: 10.1176/jnp.8.4.383. PMID: 9116473.
20. Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008 Jan 30;23(2):183-9; quiz 313. doi: 10.1002/mds.21803. PMID: 17987654.
21. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurology. 2006;5(3):235-45.
22. Hanna KK, Cronin-Golomb A. Impact of Anxiety on Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s Disease. 2012;2012:1-8.
23. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn N. What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;69(3):308-12. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.69.3.308. PMID: 10945804; PMCID: PMC1737100.
24. Khedr EM, Abdelrahman AA, Elserogy Y, Zaki AF, Gamea A. Depression and anxiety among patients with Parkinson’s disease: frequency, risk factors, and impact on quality of life. Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry.. 2020;56(1):116.
25. Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Marsh L, Martinez-Martin P, Richard IH, Starkstein SE. Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study. Mov Disord. 2011 Feb 15;26(3):484-92. doi: 10.1002/mds.23528. Epub 2011 Feb 10. PMID: 21312281.
26. Mosley PE, Marsh R. The psychiatric and neuropsychiatric symptoms after subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015 Winter;27(1):19-26. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14040069. PMID: 25716484.
