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Abstract
RÉSUMÉ
Introduction. L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) représente un problème majeur de santé publique en Afrique subsaharienne, avec une prévalence estimée à 32% au Cameroun en 2019. Le cœur constitue l'organe cible privilégié de cette pathologie, exposé au remodelage ventriculaire gauche et à la dysfonction diastolique, deux entités aux implications pronostiques majeures. L’objectif visait à déterminer la prévalence du remodelage ventriculaire gauche (RVG) et de la dysfonction diastolique du ventricule gauche (DDVG) observés au cours de l'HTA, et identifier leurs facteurs associés chez les patients hypertendus suivis dans deux hôpitaux de Yaoundé. Méthode. Une étude transversale descriptive a été menée de janvier à août 2025 à l'HGY et à l'HCY auprès de 90 adultes hypertendus suivis depuis au moins trois mois, dont les données cliniques, la géométrie ventriculaire gauche et la fonction diastolique (ASE 2016) ont été analysées sur SPSS v.25 (p < 0,05). Résultats. L'âge moyen était de 61,85 ± écart-type ans, avec une prédominance féminine (53,3% ; sex-ratio H/F = 0,875). La durée médiane d'évolution de l'HTA était de 4 ans. Le remodelage ventriculaire gauche était présent chez 52% des patients (n=47), avec une prédominance du remodelage concentrique (23,3%). La fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche (FEVG) était préservée chez 96,7% des patients. La dysfonction diastolique était retrouvée chez 51,1% des patients (n=46), avec une prédominance du grade 1 (89,1%). Une association statistiquement significative existait entre la présence d'une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche (HVG) et la dysfonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche (DDVG) (p < 0,001). Aucune autre variable clinique ou thérapeutique n'était significativement associée au RVG ou à la DDVG. Conclusion. L'HTA engendre un remodelage ventriculaire gauche et une dysfonction diastolique fréquents dans notre population, avec une forte association entre ces deux entités. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité d'un dépistage systématique et précoce des atteintes cardiaques subcliniques chez tout patient hypertendu en Afrique subsaharienne.
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Arterial hypertension (AH) represents a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, with a prevalence estimated at 32% in Cameroon in 2019. The heart is the primary target organ, exposed to left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction, both carrying significant prognostic implications. The objective was to determine the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling (LVR) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in hypertensive patients followed in two hospitals in Yaoundé, and to identify their associated factors. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2025 at Yaoundé General Hospital (HGY) and Yaoundé Central Hospital (HCY) among 90 adult hypertensive patients followed for at least three months, whose clinical data, left ventricular geometry, and diastolic function (ASE 2016) were analyzed using SPSS v.25 (p < 0.05). Results. Mean age was 61, 85 years, with a female predominance (53, 3%). Median hypertension duration was 4 years. LVR was present in 52% of patients, with concentric remodeling as the predominant pattern (23, 3%). LVEF was preserved in 96, 7% of patients. LVDD was found in 51, 1% of patients, predominantly grade 1 (89, 1%). A statistically significant association was found between LVH and LVDD (p = 0,000). No other clinical or therapeutic variable was significantly associated with LVR or LVDD. Conclusion. AH leads to frequent left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in our population, with a strong association between these entities. These findings highlight the need for systematic early screening of subclinical cardiac damage in hypertensive patients in sub-Saharan Africa.
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References
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- 2. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513-8.
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- 5. Kuate Defo B, Mbanya JC, Kingue S, et al. Blood pressure and burden of hypertension in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2019;37(11):2190-9.
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- 8. Bertacchini F, Agabiti Rosei C, Buso G, et al. Subclinical HMOD in Hypertension: Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2022;29(6):585-93.
- 9. Slama M, Susic D, Varagic J, Frohlich ED. Diastolic dysfunction in hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002;17(4):368-73.
- 10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314.
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- 15. Cuspidi C, Sala C, Negri F, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: an updated review of echocardiographic studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(6):343-9.
- 16. Zabalgoitia M, Ur Rahman SN, Haley WE, et al. Impact of ethnicity on left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(4):412-7.
- 17. Aronow WS. Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients with hypertension, elderly patients, and patients with diabetes. Transl Cardiol. 2008;1(1):15-22
- 18. Zhou D, Yan M, Cheng Q, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in community hypertension patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):265.
- 19. Rahman AM, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Eagle KA, Vasan RS. Role of left ventricular hypertrophy in diastolic dysfunction in older hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(11):1551-1554.
References
1. Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071.
2. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1513-8.
3. OMS. Global report on Hypertension: the race against a silent killer. Genève: WHO; 2023.
4. Steichen O. Hypertension in black patients. Rev Prat. 2010;60(5):654-9.
5. Kuate Defo B, Mbanya JC, Kingue S, et al. Blood pressure and burden of hypertension in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2019;37(11):2190-9.
6. Blacher J, Levy BI, Mourad JJ, et al. From epidemiological transition to modern cardiovascular epidemiology: hypertension in the 21st century. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):530-2.
7. Nakamura M, Sadoshima J. Mechanisms of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(7):387-407.
8. Bertacchini F, Agabiti Rosei C, Buso G, et al. Subclinical HMOD in Hypertension: Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2022;29(6):585-93.
9. Slama M, Susic D, Varagic J, Frohlich ED. Diastolic dysfunction in hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2002;17(4):368-73.
10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314.
11. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.
12. Akintunde AA, Akinwusi PO, Opadijo OG. Hypertensive Heart Disease in the Nigerian Population: Prevalence, Remodeling Patterns, and Clinical Correlates. PMC Cardiovascular Health. 2025 Apr 11;12(2
13. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(7):1550-8.
14. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the ASE and EACVI. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277-314.
15. Cuspidi C, Sala C, Negri F, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: an updated review of echocardiographic studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(6):343-9.
16. Zabalgoitia M, Ur Rahman SN, Haley WE, et al. Impact of ethnicity on left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(4):412-7.
17. Aronow WS. Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients with hypertension, elderly patients, and patients with diabetes. Transl Cardiol. 2008;1(1):15-22
18. Zhou D, Yan M, Cheng Q, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in community hypertension patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):265.
19. Rahman AM, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Eagle KA, Vasan RS. Role of left ventricular hypertrophy in diastolic dysfunction in older hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(11):1551-1554.
